What are HIV and AIDS? HIV, or human immunodeficiency virus, is a virus that targets cells in the immune system. Over time, the immune system begins to fail which is called immunodeficiency, and this increases the risk of infections and tumors that a healthy immune system would usually be able to fend off. These complications are referred to as AIDS, or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.

Hundreds of thousands of current & future clinicians learn by Osmosis. We have unparalleled tools and materials to prepare you to succeed in school, on board exams, and as a future clinician. Sign up for a free trial at http://osms.it/more.

Subscribe to our Youtube channel at http://osms.it/subscribe.

Get early access to our upcoming video releases, practice questions, giveaways, and more when you follow us on social media:
Facebook: http://osms.it/facebook
Twitter: http://osms.it/twitter
Instagram: http://osms.it/instagram

Our Vision: Everyone who cares for someone will learn by Osmosis.
Our Mission: To empower the world’s clinicians and caregivers with the best learning experience possible. Learn more here: http://osms.it/mission

Medical disclaimer: Knowledge Diffusion Inc (DBA Osmosis) does not provide medical advice. Osmosis and the content available on Osmosis’s properties (Osmosis.org, YouTube, and other channels) do not provide a diagnosis or other recommendation for treatment and are not a substitute for the professional judgment of a healthcare professional in diagnosis and treatment of any person or animal. The determination of the need for medical services and the types of healthcare to be provided to a patient are decisions that should be made only by a physician or other licensed health care provider. Always seek the advice of a physician or other qualified healthcare provider with any questions you have regarding a medical condition. Find our full video library only on Osmosis: http://osms.it/more.

Join millions of current and future clinicians who learn by Osmosis, along with hundreds of universities around the world who partner with Osmosis from Elseiver to make medical and health education more engaging and efficient. We have unparalleled tools and materials to prepare you for success in school, on your board exams, and as a future clinician. Sign up for a free trial at http://osms.it/more. If you’re interested in exploring an institutional partnership, visit osmosis.org/educators to request a personalized demo.

Follow us on social:
Facebook: http://osms.it/facebook
Twitter: http://osms.it/twitter
Instagram for med: http://osms.it/instagram
Instagram for nursing: https://osms.it/ignursing
TikTok: https://osms.it/tiktok
Linkedin: https://osms.it/linkedin

Our Vision: Everyone who cares for someone will learn by Osmosis.
Our Mission: To empower the world’s clinicians and caregivers with the best learning experience possible. Learn more here: http://osms.it/mission

Medical disclaimer: Osmosis from Elsevier does not provide medical advice. Osmosis from Elsevier and the content available on the Osmosis from Elsevier properties (Osmosis.org, YouTube, and other channels) do not provide a diagnosis or other recommendation for treatment and are not a substitute for the professional judgment of a healthcare professional in diagnosis and treatment of any person or animal. The determination of the need for medical services and the types of healthcare to be provided to a patient are decisions that should be made only by a physician or other licensed healthcare provider. Always seek the advice of a physician or other qualified healthcare professional with any questions you have regarding a medical condition.

© 2024 Elsevier. All rights reserved.
Video Rating: / 5

Share this page:

What is rheumatoid arthritis? Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune condition where the immune system attacks the joints.

Find our complete video library only on Osmosis Prime: http://osms.it/more.

Hundreds of thousands of current & future clinicians learn by Osmosis. We have unparalleled tools and materials to prepare you to succeed in school, on board exams, and as a future clinician. Sign up for a free trial at http://osms.it/more.

Subscribe to our Youtube channel at http://osms.it/subscribe.

Get early access to our upcoming video releases, practice questions, giveaways, and more when you follow us on social media:
Facebook: http://osms.it/facebook
Twitter: http://osms.it/twitter
Instagram: http://osms.it/instagram

Our Vision: Everyone who cares for someone will learn by Osmosis.
Our Mission: To empower the world’s clinicians and caregivers with the best learning experience possible. Learn more here: http://osms.it/mission

Medical disclaimer: Knowledge Diffusion Inc (DBA Osmosis) does not provide medical advice. Osmosis and the content available on Osmosis’s properties (Osmosis.org, YouTube, and other channels) do not provide a diagnosis or other recommendation for treatment and are not a substitute for the professional judgment of a healthcare professional in diagnosis and treatment of any person or animal. The determination of the need for medical services and the types of healthcare to be provided to a patient are decisions that should be made only by a physician or other licensed health care provider. Always seek the advice of a physician or other qualified healthcare provider with any questions you have regarding a medical condition. © 2023 Elsevier. All rights reserved.
Video Rating: / 5

Share this page:

.

Chapters

0:00 Introduction
0:59 Causes of Fungal Arthritis
2:24 Symptoms of Fungal Arthritis
2:38 Diagnosis of Fungal Arthritis
3:17 Treatment of Fungal Arthritis

Fungal arthritis is a rare medical condition characterized by the swelling and inflammation of a joint brought by a fungus microorganism that has invaded the body.
• There are 50,000 to 200,000 species of fungi, but only about 100 of these cause infectious diseases in humans.
• This condition most commonly affects the knee joint, although other joints may also be affected.
• Fungal infection of the joint is a very serious condition that can lead to permanent damage to the joint with loss of function, if not treated urgently and properly
• Fungal organisms that can cause fungal arthritis include Aspergillus, Candida, and Exserohilum species
• Fungal arthritis, also called mycotic arthritis affects both adult men and women of any age.

CAUSES
Fungi arthritis can be caused by any of the invasive types of fungi. The infection can result from directly injecting medications that is contaminated by fungus into the joint. In some cases, a joint can also be infected as a result of contaminated prosthesis used in joint replacement surgery. The condition can also be due to infection in an organ, such as the lungs and intestines that travels to the joint through the bloodstream
Conditions (fungal infections) that can cause fungal arthritis include:
• Candidiasis
• Sporotrichosis
• Coccidioidomycosis
• Blastomycosis
• Exserohilum rostratum, this type is the one caused by injecting the joint with a contaminated medication or vial. This, in fact, was the situation in September 2012 when contaminated vials of medications produced by a compounding pharmacy caused a multistate outbreak of rare and fungal arthritis

Risk factors associated with the condition include:
• Having a weakened immune system due to HIV/AIDS, cancer, organ transplant, or diabetes. The risk increases if such person travels to, live, or stay in fungus endemic areas. The growth of fungus is common in geographical regions with warm and humid climate condition.

SYMPTOMS
• Pain, stiffness, and swelling of the joint
• Fever
• Swelling of the ankles, feet, and legs
• Restricted range of motion of affected joint

DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT
To make a diagnosis, the doctor will carry out a complete evaluation of medical history, thorough physical and joint examination. During the physical examination, the doctor may look for swelling, redness, warmth of joint, and check for range of motion.
Other diagnostic options include:
• Removal of joint fluid to look for fungus under a microscope
• X-ray of the joints
• Positive antibody test for fungal disease
• Culture of the joint fluid
• Synovial biopsy showing fungus
TREATMENT
The goal of the treatment option is to cure the infection. Fungal infection responds well to treatment with antifungal medications
In severe cases of bone or joint infection, surgery may be required to remove the infected tissue.
Video Rating: / 5

Share this page:

Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) is a group of rare disorders caused by mutations in different genes involved in the development and function of infection-fighting immune cells. Infants with SCID appear healthy at birth but are highly susceptible to severe infections.

Severe combined immunodeficiency – A deadly combination of defects of T & B lymphocytes + Natural killer cells

Its a primary immunodeficiency (inherited in the family) affecting T lymphoocytes, B lymphocytes and Natural killer cells in different combinations.

These children die within one year without a bone marrow transplantation.There have been cases like “David the bubble boy” who survived for 12 years in a sterile chamber isolated from pathogens.

Patients are small babies that suffers from fungal, bacterial, or viral infections since their immune system is not functioning as it should.

The symptoms can be:
recurrent infections resistant to antibiotics,
failure to thrive with abnormal growth curves,
diarrhea,
diaper rash,
bronchitis,
pneumonia,
otitis media,
liver abscess,
morbilliform rash,
oral candidiasis

Doctors can check the sequence of DNA to determine any mutations that would cause this disease.
One have to remember that the levels of antibodies decline after about 6 month of age if the baby fails to produce new ones for himself, since the antibodies from the mother are depleted.
So these babies may appear healthy for about 6 months.
Therefore we can check blood values of lymphocytes, natural killer cells and antibodies to easier determine which type of Severe combined immunodeficiency we are dealing with.

What are the types of this disease?
Mainly X linked recessive (IL2RG gene mutation at Xq13.1) and autosomal recessive .

The autosomal recessive have many types:
adenosine deaminase deficiency,
Jak3 intracellular kinase mutation,
Purine nucleoside phosphorylase mutation,
Omenn syndrome with RAG gene mutation,
Bare lymphocyte syndrome with MHC 2 gene mutation.

The adenosine deaminase deficiency cause an accumulation of dATP, which blocks the enzyme Ribonucleotide reductase (converts NDP to dNDP). Without dNDP there is no DNA synthesis and therefore no production of cells like T & B lymphocytes.

You can imagine that without T & B cells there is no real immunity against infections. We can see depleted zones in the hypoplastic lymphoid organs. One example being a small thymus lacking lymphocytes and Hassall’s corpuscles. On X-ray there is an abscence of thymic shadow.

The treatment?
Bone marrow transplantation and gene therapy. About 1 patient out of 5 have a risk of getting acute T cell leukemia when treated with bone marrow transplantation.

These videos are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Nordic Health Organization video.
Video Rating: / 5

Share this page: